;PMID: 1714839 ;source_file_2851.mrg ;Release 0.9 of PennBioIE ;Funded by NSF ITR EIA-0205448 ;0)section:[e:0..39] = [t:0..39] ;1)sentence:[e:45..105] = [t:45..105] ;2)section:[e:109..127] = [t:109..127] ;3)section:[e:131..222] = [t:131..222] ;4)sentence:[e:226..508] = [t:226..508] ;5)sentence:[e:509..697] = [t:509..697] ;6)sentence:[e:699..886] = [t:699..886] ;7)sentence:[e:887..984] = [t:887..984] ;8)sentence:[e:985..1300] = [t:985..1300] ;9)section:[e:1304..1348] = [t:1304..1348] ;section 0 Span:0..39 ;Endocrinology. 1991 Sep;129(3):1682-4. (SEC (FRAG (RB:[0..13] Endocrinology) (JJ:[13..14] .) (CD:[16..20] 1991) (CC:[21..29] Sep;129-LRB-) (CD:[29..30] 3) (-RRB-:[30..31] -RRB-) (CD:[31..36] :1682) (CD:[36..39] -4.))) ;sentence 1 Span:45..105 ;Human galanin: molecular cloning reveals a unique structure. ;[51..58]:gene-protein:"galanin" (SENT (FRAG-HLN (NP (JJ:[45..50] Human) (NN:[51..58] galanin)) (::[58..59] :) (S (NP-SBJ (JJ:[60..69] molecular) (NN:[70..77] cloning)) (VP (VBZ:[78..85] reveals) (NP (DT:[86..87] a) (JJ:[88..94] unique) (NN:[95..104] structure)))) (.:[104..105] .))) ;section 2 Span:109..127 ;Evans HF, Shine J. (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[109..114] Evans) (NNP:[115..117] HF) (,:[117..118] ,) (NNP:[119..124] Shine) (NNP:[125..127] J.))) ;section 3 Span:131..222 ;Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, ;NSW, Australia. (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[131..137] Garvan) (NNP:[138..147] Institute) (IN:[148..150] of) (NNP:[151..158] Medical) (NNP:[159..167] Research) (,:[167..168] ,) (NNP:[169..171] St) (NNP:[172..179] Vincent) (POS:[179..181] 's) (NNP:[182..190] Hospital) (,:[190..191] ,) (NNP:[192..204] Darlinghurst) (,:[204..205] ,) (NNP:[206..209] NSW) (,:[209..210] ,) (NNP:[212..221] Australia) (.:[221..222] .))) ;sentence 4 Span:226..508 ;Galanin, a novel neuropeptide/hypothalamic hormone originally identified and ;isolated by virtue of its carboxy-terminal amide group, has recently been ;shown to have a diverse range of biological activities, including potent ;effects on the secretion of insulin and growth hormone. ;[226..233]:gene-protein:"Galanin" ;[481..488]:gene-protein:"insulin" ;[493..507]:gene-protein:"growth hormone" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ-1 (NP (NP (NN:[226..233] Galanin)) (,:[233..234] ,) (NP (NP (DT:[235..236] a) (JJ:[237..242] novel) (NN:[243..255] neuropeptide)) (SYM:[255..256] /) (NP (JJ:[256..268] hypothalamic) (NN:[269..276] hormone)))) (VP (ADVP (RB:[277..287] originally)) (VBN:[288..298] identified) (CC:[299..302] and) (VBN:[304..312] isolated) (NP (-NONE-:[312..312] *)) (PP (IN:[313..315] by) (NP (NP (NN:[316..322] virtue)) (PP (IN:[323..325] of) (NP (PRP$:[326..329] its) (NML (NN:[330..337] carboxy) (HYPH:[337..338] -) (JJ:[338..346] terminal)) (NN:[347..352] amide) (NN:[353..358] group))))))) (,:[358..359] ,) (VP (VBZ:[360..363] has) (ADVP-TMP (RB:[364..372] recently)) (VP (VBN:[373..377] been) (VP (VBN:[378..383] shown) (S (NP-SBJ-1 (-NONE-:[383..383] *)) (VP (TO:[385..387] to) (VP (VB:[388..392] have) (NP (NP (DT:[393..394] a) (JJ:[395..402] diverse) (NN:[403..408] range)) (PP (IN:[409..411] of) (NP (NP (JJ:[412..422] biological) (NNS:[423..433] activities)) (,:[433..434] ,) (PP (VBG:[435..444] including) (NP (NP (JJ:[445..451] potent) (NNS:[452..459] effects)) (PP (IN:[460..462] on) (NP (NP (NP (DT:[464..467] the) (NN:[468..477] secretion)) (PP (IN:[478..480] of) (NP (NN:[481..488] insulin)))) (CC:[489..492] and) (NP (NN:[493..499] growth) (NN:[500..507] hormone))))))))))))))) (.:[507..508] .))) ;sentence 5 Span:509..697 ;The physiological role of galanin remains unclear, with different effects ;being observed when porcine and rat galanin have been used in various animal ;model systems and in human studies. ;[535..542]:gene-protein:"galanin" ;[621..628]:gene-protein:"galanin" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (NP (DT:[509..512] The) (JJ:[513..526] physiological) (NN:[527..531] role)) (PP (IN:[532..534] of) (NP (NN:[535..542] galanin)))) (VP (VBZ:[544..551] remains) (ADJP-PRD (JJ:[552..559] unclear)) (,:[559..560] ,) (PP (IN:[561..565] with) (S-NOM (NP-SBJ-1 (JJ:[566..575] different) (NNS:[576..583] effects)) (VP (VBG:[584..589] being) (VP (VBN:[590..598] observed) (NP-1 (-NONE-:[598..598] *)) (SBAR-ADV (WHADVP-3 (WRB:[599..603] when)) (S (NP-SBJ-2 (NP (JJ:[604..611] porcine)) (CC:[612..615] and) (NP (NN:[616..619] rat) (NN:[621..628] galanin))) (VP (VBP:[629..633] have) (VP (VBN:[634..638] been) (VP (VBN:[639..643] used) (NP-2 (-NONE-:[643..643] *)) (PP (PP (IN:[644..646] in) (NP (JJ:[647..654] various) (NN:[655..661] animal) (NN:[662..667] model) (NNS:[668..675] systems))) (CC:[676..679] and) (PP (IN:[680..682] in) (NP (JJ:[683..688] human) (NNS:[689..696] studies)))) (ADVP-TMP-3 (-NONE-:[696..696] *T*)))))))))))) (.:[696..697] .))) ;sentence 6 Span:699..886 ;Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human galanin and galanin mRNA associated ;peptide (GMAP) from both pituitary and neuroblastoma sources has revealed a ;unique and unexpected structure. ;[740..747]:gene-protein:"galanin" ;[752..784]:gene-protein:"galanin mRNA associated peptide" ;[786..790]:gene-protein:"GMAP" ;[816..829]:malignancy-type:"neuroblastoma" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (NP (JJ:[699..708] Molecular) (NN:[709..716] cloning)) (PP (IN:[717..719] of) (NP (NP (NP (ADJP (NN:[720..724] cDNA) (VBG:[725..733] encoding)) (JJ:[734..739] human) (NN:[740..747] galanin)) (CC:[748..751] and) (NP (NP (NML (NN:[752..759] galanin) (NN:[760..764] mRNA) (VBN:[765..775] associated)) (NN:[777..784] peptide)) (NP (-LRB-:[785..786] -LRB-) (NN:[786..790] GMAP) (-RRB-:[790..791] -RRB-)))) (PP (IN:[792..796] from) (NP (CC:[797..801] both) (NP (JJ:[802..811] pituitary) (NML-1 (-NONE-:[811..811] *P*))) (CC:[812..815] and) (NP (NN:[816..829] neuroblastoma) (NML-1 (NNS:[830..837] sources)))))))) (VP (VBZ:[838..841] has) (NP (VBD:[842..850] revealed) (NP (DT:[851..852] a) (ADJP (JJ:[854..860] unique) (CC:[861..864] and) (JJ:[865..875] unexpected)) (NN:[876..885] structure)))) (.:[885..886] .))) ;sentence 7 Span:887..984 ;In contrast to porcine, bovine and rodent galanin, human galanin lacks a ;carboxy-terminal amide. ;[930..937]:gene-protein:"galanin" ;[945..952]:gene-protein:"galanin" (SENT (S (PP (IN:[887..889] In) (NP (NP (NN:[890..898] contrast)) (PP (TO:[899..901] to) (NP (NP (JJ:[902..909] porcine) (NML-1 (-NONE-:[909..909] *P*))) (,:[909..910] ,) (NP (JJ:[911..917] bovine) (NML-1 (-NONE-:[917..917] *P*))) (CC:[918..921] and) (NP (NN:[922..928] rodent) (NML-1 (NN:[930..937] galanin))))))) (,:[937..938] ,) (NP-SBJ (JJ:[939..944] human) (NN:[945..952] galanin)) (VP (VBZ:[953..958] lacks) (NP (DT:[959..960] a) (NML (NN:[961..968] carboxy) (HYPH:[968..969] -) (JJ:[969..977] terminal)) (NN:[978..983] amide))) (.:[983..984] .))) ;sentence 8 Span:985..1300 ;By analogy to other neurohormones, the absence of carboxy-terminal amidation ;would be expected to have significant effects on functional properties such ;as affinity for different receptor subtypes and physiological half life, and ;may be responsible for the species specificity observed in the action of ;galanin. ;[1292..1299]:gene-protein:"galanin" (SENT (S (PP (IN:[985..987] By) (NP (NP (NN:[988..995] analogy)) (PP (TO:[996..998] to) (NP (JJ:[999..1004] other) (NNS:[1006..1019] neurohormones))))) (,:[1019..1020] ,) (NP-SBJ-1 (NP (DT:[1021..1024] the) (NN:[1025..1032] absence)) (PP (IN:[1033..1035] of) (NP (NML (NN:[1036..1043] carboxy) (HYPH:[1043..1044] -) (JJ:[1044..1052] terminal)) (NN:[1053..1062] amidation)))) (VP (VP (MD:[1063..1068] would) (VP (VB:[1069..1071] be) (VP (VBN:[1072..1080] expected) (S (NP-SBJ-1 (-NONE-:[1080..1080] *)) (VP (TO:[1081..1083] to) (VP (VB:[1085..1089] have) (NP (NP (JJ:[1090..1101] significant) (NNS:[1102..1109] effects)) (PP (IN:[1110..1112] on) (NP (NP (JJ:[1113..1123] functional) (NNS:[1124..1134] properties)) (PP (JJ:[1135..1139] such) (IN:[1140..1142] as) (NP (NP (NP (NN:[1143..1151] affinity)) (PP (IN:[1152..1155] for) (NP (JJ:[1156..1165] different) (NN:[1167..1175] receptor) (NNS:[1176..1184] subtypes)))) (CC:[1185..1188] and) (NP (JJ:[1189..1202] physiological) (NN:[1203..1207] half) (NN:[1208..1212] life))))))))))))) (,:[1212..1213] ,) (CC:[1214..1217] and) (VP (MD:[1218..1221] may) (VP (VB:[1222..1224] be) (ADJP-PRD (JJ:[1225..1236] responsible) (PP (IN:[1237..1240] for) (NP (NP (DT:[1241..1244] the) (NN:[1246..1253] species) (NN:[1254..1265] specificity)) (VP (VBN:[1266..1274] observed) (NP (-NONE-:[1274..1274] *)) (PP (IN:[1275..1277] in) (NP (NP (DT:[1278..1281] the) (NN:[1282..1288] action)) (PP (IN:[1289..1291] of) (NP (NN:[1292..1299] galanin)))))))))))) (.:[1299..1300] .))) ;section 9 Span:1304..1348 ;PMID: 1714839 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[1304..1308] PMID) (::[1308..1309] :) (CD:[1310..1317] 1714839) (NN:[1318..1319] -LSB-) (NNP:[1319..1325] PubMed) (::[1326..1327] -) (NN:[1328..1335] indexed) (IN:[1336..1339] for) (NNP:[1340..1348] MEDLINE-RSB-)))