;PMID: 7574421 ;source_file_1415.mrg ;Release 0.9 of PennBioIE ;Funded by NSF ITR EIA-0205448 ;0)section:[e:0..44] = [t:0..44] ;1)sentence:[e:49..127] = [t:49..127] ;2)section:[e:131..168] = [t:131..168] ;3)section:[e:172..233] = [t:172..233] ;4)sentence:[e:237..338] = [t:237..338] ;5)sentence:[e:339..439] = [t:339..439] ;6)sentence:[e:440..611] = [t:440..611] ;7)sentence:[e:612..832] = [t:612..832] ;8)sentence:[e:833..941] = [t:833..941] ;9)sentence:[e:942..1157] = [t:942..1157] ;10)sentence:[e:1158..1321] = [t:1158..1321] ;11)sentence:[e:1322..1533] = [t:1322..1533] ;12)section:[e:1537..1581] = [t:1537..1581] ;section 0 Span:0..44 ;Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995 May;24(3):393-8 (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[0..3] Ann) (NNP:[4..8] Acad) (IN:[9..12] Med) (NNP:[13..22] Singapore) (CD:[24..28] 1995) (NNP:[29..32] May) (CD:[32..36] ;24-LRB-) (CD:[36..37] 3) (-RRB-:[37..38] -RRB-) (CD:[38..42] :393) (::[42..43] -) (CD:[43..44] 8))) ;sentence 1 Span:49..127 ;Association of activated proto-oncogenes ras and myc in colorectal ;carcinomas. ;[90..93]:gene-rna:"ras" ;[98..101]:gene-rna:"myc" ;[105..126]:malignancy:"colorectal carcinomas" (SENT (NP-HLN (NP (NN:[49..60] Association)) (PP (IN:[61..63] of) (NP (NP (VBN:[64..73] activated) (AFX:[74..79] proto) (HYPH:[79..80] -) (NNS:[80..89] oncogenes)) (NP (NN:[90..93] ras) (CC:[94..97] and) (NN:[98..101] myc)))) (PP (IN:[102..104] in) (NP (JJ:[105..115] colorectal) (NNS:[116..126] carcinomas))) (.:[126..127] .))) ;section 2 Span:131..168 ;Smith DR, Elnatan J, Myint T, Goh HS. (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[131..136] Smith) (NNP:[137..139] DR) (,:[139..140] ,) (NNP:[141..148] Elnatan) (VBD:[149..151] J,) (NNP:[152..157] Myint) (NNP:[158..159] T) (,:[159..160] ,) (NNP:[161..164] Goh) (NNP:[165..167] HS) (.:[167..168] .))) ;section 3 Span:172..233 ;Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital. (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[172..182] Department) (IN:[183..185] of) (NNP:[186..196] Colorectal) (NNP:[197..204] Surgery) (,:[204..205] ,) (NNP:[206..215] Singapore) (NNP:[216..223] General) (NNP:[224..232] Hospital) (.:[232..233] .))) ;sentence 4 Span:237..338 ;We have examined 60 colorectal carcinomas for activation of two ;proto-oncogenes, c-myc and c-Ki-ras. ;[257..278]:malignancy:"colorectal carcinomas" ;[319..324]:gene-rna:"c-myc" ;[329..337]:gene-rna:"c-Ki-ras" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (PRP:[237..239] We)) (VP (VBP:[240..244] have) (VP (VBN:[245..253] examined) (NP (CD:[254..256] 60) (JJ:[257..267] colorectal) (NNS:[268..278] carcinomas)) (PP (IN:[279..282] for) (NP (NP (NN:[283..293] activation)) (PP (IN:[294..296] of) (NP (NP (CD:[297..300] two) (AFX:[301..306] proto) (HYPH:[306..307] -) (NNS:[307..316] oncogenes)) (,:[316..317] ,) (NP (NP (NN:[319..324] c-myc)) (CC:[325..328] and) (NP (NN:[329..337] c-Ki-ras))))))))) (.:[337..338] .))) ;sentence 5 Span:339..439 ;Over-expression of c-myc mRNA as determined by Northern analysis was found ;in 58% of cases (35/60). ;[358..363]:gene-rna:"c-myc" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ-2 (NP (NP (AFX:[339..343] Over) (HYPH:[343..344] -) (NN:[344..354] expression)) (PP (IN:[355..357] of) (NP (NN:[358..363] c-myc) (NN:[364..368] mRNA)))) (SBAR (IN:[369..371] as) (S (NP-SBJ-1 (-NONE-:[371..371] *)) (VP (VBN:[372..382] determined) (NP-1 (-NONE-:[382..382] *)) (PP-MNR (IN:[383..385] by) (NP (JJ:[386..394] Northern) (NN:[396..404] analysis))))))) (VP (VBD:[405..408] was) (VP (VBN:[409..414] found) (NP-2 (-NONE-:[414..414] *)) (PP (IN:[415..417] in) (NP (NP (CD:[418..420] 58) (NN:[420..421] %)) (PP (IN:[422..424] of) (NP (NNS:[425..430] cases))) (PRN (-LRB-:[431..432] -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD:[432..434] 35)) (PP (SYM:[434..435] /) (NP (CD:[435..437] 60)))) (-RRB-:[437..438] -RRB-)))))) (.:[438..439] .))) ;sentence 6 Span:440..611 ;Activation of the c-Ki-ras gene by point mutations in codons 12 or 13 as ;determined by mismatch specific oligonucleotide hybridisation was found in ;35% (21/60) of cases. ;[458..466]:gene-rna:"c-Ki-ras" ;[476..491]:variation-type:"point mutations" ;[495..504]:variation-location:"codons 12" ;[495..501]...[508..510]:variation-location:"codons"..."13" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ-3 (NP (NP (NN:[440..450] Activation)) (PP (IN:[451..453] of) (NP (DT:[454..457] the) (NN:[458..466] c-Ki-ras) (NN:[467..471] gene))) (PP (IN:[472..474] by) (NP (NP (NN:[476..481] point) (NNS:[482..491] mutations)) (PP-LOC (IN:[492..494] in) (NP (NP (NML-2 (NNS:[495..501] codons)) (CD:[502..504] 12)) (CC:[505..507] or) (NP (NML-2 (-NONE-:[507..507] *P*)) (CD:[508..510] 13))))))) (SBAR (IN:[511..513] as) (S (NP-SBJ-1 (-NONE-:[513..513] *)) (VP (VBN:[514..524] determined) (NP-1 (-NONE-:[524..524] *)) (PP-MNR (IN:[525..527] by) (NP (ADJP (NN:[528..536] mismatch) (JJ:[537..545] specific)) (NN:[547..562] oligonucleotide) (NN:[563..576] hybridisation))))))) (VP (VBD:[577..580] was) (VP (VBN:[581..586] found) (NP-3 (-NONE-:[586..586] *)) (PP (IN:[587..589] in) (NP (NP (CD:[590..592] 35) (NN:[592..593] %) (PRN (-LRB-:[594..595] -LRB-) (NP (NP (CD:[595..597] 21)) (PP (SYM:[597..598] /) (NP (CD:[598..600] 60)))) (-RRB-:[600..601] -RRB-))) (PP (IN:[602..604] of) (NP (NNS:[605..610] cases))))))) (.:[610..611] .))) ;sentence 7 Span:612..832 ;There was a statistically significant association between activation of ;c-Ki-ras and over-expression of c-myc (P = 0.03), with 76% of tumours with ;an activated c-Ki-ras proto-oncogene showing over-expression of c-myc. ;[685..693]:gene-rna:"c-Ki-ras" ;[718..723]:gene-generic:"c-myc" ;[748..755]:malignancy:"tumours" ;[775..783]:gene-rna:"c-Ki-ras" ;[826..831]:gene-generic:"c-myc" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (EX:[612..617] There)) (VP (VBD:[618..621] was) (NP-PRD (NP (DT:[622..623] a) (ADJP (RB:[625..638] statistically) (JJ:[639..650] significant)) (NN:[651..662] association)) (PP (IN:[663..670] between) (NP (NP (NP (NN:[671..681] activation)) (PP (IN:[682..684] of) (NP (NN:[685..693] c-Ki-ras)))) (CC:[694..697] and) (NP (NP (AFX:[699..703] over) (HYPH:[703..704] -) (NN:[704..714] expression)) (PP (IN:[715..717] of) (NP (NN:[718..723] c-myc)))))) (PRN (-LRB-:[724..725] -LRB-) (S (NP-SBJ (NN:[725..726] P)) (VP (SYM:[727..728] =) (NP (CD:[729..733] 0.03)))) (-RRB-:[733..734] -RRB-)) (,:[734..735] ,) (PP (IN:[736..740] with) (S-NOM (NP-SBJ (NP (CD:[741..743] 76) (NN:[743..744] %)) (PP (IN:[745..747] of) (NP (NP (NNS:[748..755] tumours)) (PP (IN:[756..760] with) (NP (DT:[761..763] an) (VBN:[764..773] activated) (NN:[775..783] c-Ki-ras) (AFX:[784..789] proto) (HYPH:[789..790] -) (NN:[790..798] oncogene)))))) (VP (VBG:[799..806] showing) (NP (NP (AFX:[807..811] over) (HYPH:[811..812] -) (NN:[812..822] expression)) (PP (IN:[823..825] of) (NP (NN:[826..831] c-myc))))))))) (.:[831..832] .))) ;sentence 8 Span:833..941 ;The association was significant in left-sided colorectal tumours (P = 0.03) ;but not right-sided (P = 0.5). ;[869..898]:malignancy:"left-sided colorectal tumours" ;[880..898]...[918..929]:malignancy:"colorectal tumours"..."right-sided" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (DT:[833..836] The) (NN:[837..848] association)) (VP (VBD:[849..852] was) (UCP (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (JJ:[854..865] significant)) (PP (IN:[866..868] in) (NP (JJ:[869..879] left-sided) (JJ:[880..890] colorectal) (NNS:[891..898] tumours))) (PRN (-LRB-:[899..900] -LRB-) (S (NP-SBJ (NN:[900..901] P)) (PP (SYM:[902..903] =) (NP (CD:[904..908] 0.03)))) (-RRB-:[908..909] -RRB-))) (CC:[910..913] but) (RB:[914..917] not) (FRAG (NP (JJ:[918..929] right-sided) (NML (-NONE-:[929..929] *?*))) (PRN (-LRB-:[930..931] -LRB-) (S (NP-SBJ (NN:[931..932] P)) (VP (SYM:[933..934] =) (NP (CD:[936..939] 0.5)))) (-RRB-:[939..940] -RRB-))))) (.:[940..941] .))) ;sentence 9 Span:942..1157 ;However, whereas only 59% of left side tumours showed at least one of the ;two changes (ras activation only, or myc activation only or both), 93% of ;right side tumours showed at least one of the changes (P = 0.01). ;[971..988]:malignancy:"left side tumours" ;[1030..1033]:gene-rna:"ras" ;[1054..1057]:gene-rna:"myc" ;[1091..1110]:malignancy:"right side tumours" (SENT (S (ADVP (RB:[942..949] However)) (,:[949..950] ,) (SBAR-ADV (IN:[951..958] whereas) (S (NP-SBJ (ADVP (RB:[959..963] only)) (NP (CD:[964..966] 59) (NN:[966..967] %)) (PP (IN:[968..970] of) (NP (NML (JJ:[971..975] left) (NN:[976..980] side)) (NNS:[981..988] tumours)))) (VP (VBD:[989..995] showed) (NP (NP (QP (IN:[996..998] at) (JJS:[999..1004] least)) (CD:[1005..1008] one)) (PP (IN:[1009..1011] of) (NP (DT:[1012..1015] the) (CD:[1017..1020] two) (NNS:[1021..1028] changes))) (PRN (-LRB-:[1029..1030] -LRB-) (NP (NP (NP (NN:[1030..1033] ras) (NN:[1034..1044] activation)) (ADVP (RB:[1045..1049] only))) (,:[1049..1050] ,) (CC:[1051..1053] or) (NP (NP (NN:[1054..1057] myc) (NN:[1058..1068] activation)) (ADVP (RB:[1069..1073] only))) (CC:[1074..1076] or) (NP (DT:[1077..1081] both))) (-RRB-:[1081..1082] -RRB-)))))) (,:[1082..1083] ,) (NP-SBJ (NP (CD:[1084..1086] 93) (NN:[1086..1087] %)) (PP (IN:[1088..1090] of) (NP (JJ:[1091..1096] right) (NN:[1098..1102] side) (NNS:[1103..1110] tumours)))) (VP (VBD:[1111..1117] showed) (NP (NP (QP (IN:[1118..1120] at) (JJS:[1121..1126] least)) (CD:[1127..1130] one)) (PP (IN:[1131..1133] of) (NP (DT:[1134..1137] the) (NNS:[1138..1145] changes)))) (PRN (-LRB-:[1146..1147] -LRB-) (S (NP-SBJ (NN:[1147..1148] P)) (VP (SYM:[1149..1150] =) (NP (CD:[1151..1155] 0.01)))) (-RRB-:[1155..1156] -RRB-))) (.:[1156..1157] .))) ;sentence 10 Span:1158..1321 ;Twenty-two percent of left side tumours showed both changes compared with ;35% of right side tumours, although this result did not achieve significance ;(P = 0.2). ;[1181..1198]:malignancy:"left side tumours" ;[1240..1259]:malignancy:"right side tumours" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (NP (CD:[1158..1168] Twenty-two) (NN:[1169..1176] percent)) (PP (IN:[1178..1180] of) (NP (NML (JJ:[1181..1185] left) (NN:[1186..1190] side)) (NNS:[1191..1198] tumours)))) (VP (VBD:[1199..1205] showed) (NP (DT:[1206..1210] both) (NNS:[1211..1218] changes)) (S-ADV (NP-SBJ-1 (-NONE-:[1218..1218] *)) (VP (VBN:[1219..1227] compared) (NP-1 (-NONE-:[1227..1227] *)) (PP-CLR (IN:[1228..1232] with) (NP (NP (CD:[1233..1235] 35) (NN:[1235..1236] %)) (PP (IN:[1237..1239] of) (NP (NML (JJ:[1240..1245] right) (NN:[1246..1250] side)) (NNS:[1252..1259] tumours))))))) (,:[1259..1260] ,) (SBAR-ADV (IN:[1261..1269] although) (S (NP-SBJ (DT:[1270..1274] this) (NN:[1275..1281] result)) (VP (VBD:[1282..1285] did) (RB:[1286..1289] not) (VP (VB:[1290..1297] achieve) (NP (NN:[1298..1310] significance)) (PRN (-LRB-:[1311..1312] -LRB-) (S (NP-SBJ (NN:[1312..1313] P)) (VP (SYM:[1314..1315] =) (NP (CD:[1316..1319] 0.2)))) (-RRB-:[1319..1320] -RRB-))))))) (.:[1320..1321] .))) ;sentence 11 Span:1322..1533 ;These results suggest that in left-sided colorectal tumours ras and myc ;cooperate, as established in vitro, to produce neoplastic transformation ;while different pathway(s) are involved in right-sided tumours. ;[1353..1382]:malignancy:"left-sided colorectal tumours" ;[1383..1386]:gene-rna:"ras" ;[1391..1394]:gene-rna:"myc" ;[1513..1532]:malignancy:"right-sided tumours" (SENT (S (NP-SBJ (DT:[1322..1327] These) (NNS:[1329..1336] results)) (VP (VBP:[1337..1344] suggest) (SBAR (IN:[1345..1349] that) (S (PP (IN:[1350..1352] in) (NP (JJ:[1353..1363] left-sided) (JJ:[1364..1374] colorectal) (NNS:[1375..1382] tumours))) (NP-SBJ (NN:[1383..1386] ras) (CC:[1387..1390] and) (NN:[1391..1394] myc)) (VP (VBP:[1395..1404] cooperate) (,:[1404..1405] ,) (SBAR-ADV (RB:[1406..1408] as) (S (NP-SBJ-2 (-NONE-:[1408..1408] *)) (VP (VBN:[1410..1421] established) (NP-2 (-NONE-:[1421..1421] *)) (ADVP (FW:[1422..1424] in) (FW:[1425..1430] vitro))))) (,:[1430..1431] ,) (S-ADV (NP-SBJ (-NONE-:[1431..1431] *)) (VP (TO:[1432..1434] to) (VP (VB:[1435..1442] produce) (NP (JJ:[1443..1453] neoplastic) (NN:[1454..1468] transformation))))) (SBAR-ADV (IN:[1469..1474] while) (S (NP-SBJ-1 (JJ:[1475..1484] different) (NNS:[1486..1496] pathway-LRB-s-RRB-)) (VP (VBP:[1497..1500] are) (VP (VBN:[1501..1509] involved) (NP-1 (-NONE-:[1509..1509] *)) (PP-CLR (IN:[1510..1512] in) (NP (JJ:[1513..1524] right-sided) (NNS:[1525..1532] tumours))))))))))) (.:[1532..1533] .))) ;section 12 Span:1537..1581 ;PMID: 7574421 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (SEC (FRAG (NNP:[1537..1541] PMID) (::[1541..1542] :) (CD:[1543..1550] 7574421) (IN:[1551..1552] -LSB-) (NNP:[1552..1558] PubMed) (HYPH:[1559..1560] -) (JJ:[1561..1568] indexed) (IN:[1569..1572] for) (NNP:[1573..1581] MEDLINE-RSB-)))