;PMID: 10754205
;source_file_1358.mrg
;Release 0.9 of PennBioIE
;Funded by NSF ITR EIA-0205448

;0)section:[e:0..37] = [t:0..37]
;1)sentence:[e:42..145] = [t:42..145]
;2)section:[e:149..190] = [t:149..190]
;3)section:[e:194..297] = [t:194..297]
;4)sentence:[e:301..388] = [t:301..388]
;5)sentence:[e:389..443] = [t:389..443]
;6)sentence:[e:444..611] = [t:444..611]
;7)sentence:[e:613..741] = [t:613..741]
;8)sentence:[e:742..869] = [t:742..869]
;9)sentence:[e:870..1048] = [t:870..1048]
;10)sentence:[e:1049..1152] = [t:1049..1152]
;11)sentence:[e:1153..1223] = [t:1153..1223]
;12)sentence:[e:1224..1368] = [t:1224..1368]
;13)sentence:[e:1369..1432] = [t:1369..1432]
;14)sentence:[e:1433..1573] = [t:1433..1573]
;15)section:[e:1577..1622] = [t:1577..1622]

;section 0 Span:0..37
;Cancer Lett  2000 Apr 28;152(1):45-51
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     (CD:[22..29] 28;152-LRB-) (CD:[29..30] 1) (-RRB-:[30..31] -RRB-)
     (CD:[31..34] :45) (::[34..35] -) (CD:[35..37] 51)))

;sentence 1 Span:42..145
;Somatic mutations of beta-catenin play a crucial role in the tumorigenesis of
; sporadic hepatoblastoma.
;[63..75]:gene-rna:"beta-catenin"
;[121..144]:malignancy:"sporadic hepatoblastoma"
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          (PP (IN:[117..119] of)
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    (.:[144..145] .)))

;section 2 Span:149..190
;Jeng YM, Wu MZ, Mao TL, Chang MH, Hsu HC.
(SEC
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;section 3 Span:194..297
;Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan
;South  Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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        (NNP:[208..217] Pathology) (,:[217..218] ,) (NNP:[219..227] National)
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;sentence 4 Span:301..388
;Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant hepatic tumor during early 
;childhood.
;[301..315]:malignancy:"Hepatoblastoma"
;[317..319]:malignancy:"HB"
;[340..363]:malignancy:"malignant hepatic tumor"
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    (.:[387..388] .)))

;sentence 5 Span:389..443
;Its molecular pathogenesis is still poorly understood.
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;sentence 6 Span:444..611
;Mutations of  adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene have been identified in
;sporadic cases and  in individuals associated with familial adenomatous
;polyposis syndrome.
;[458..484]:gene-rna:"adenomatous polyposis coli"
;[486..489]:gene-rna:"APC"
;[571..610]:malignancy:"familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome"
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                        (NN:[592..601] polyposis) (NN:[602..610] syndrome))))))))))
    (.:[610..611] .)))

;sentence 7 Span:613..741
;beta-catenin is a key element in the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system
;and  Wnt/wingless pathway, and is controlled by APC.
;[613..625]:gene-generic:"beta-catenin"
;[650..658]:gene-protein:"cadherin"
;[694..697]:gene-rna:"Wnt"
;[698..706]:gene-rna:"wingless"
;[737..740]:gene-rna:"APC"
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    (.:[740..741] .)))

;sentence 8 Span:742..869
;APC affects the degradation of  beta-catenin by its NH(2)-terminal
;phosphorylation on the serine/threonine  residues of exon 3.
;[742..745]:gene-rna:"APC"
;[774..786]:gene-protein:"beta-catenin"
;[862..868]:variation-location:"exon 3"
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;sentence 9 Span:870..1048
;Mutations of these phosphorylation sites are primary targets  for activating
;mutations in several types of human cancer and lead to nuclear  accumulation
;of beta-catenin protein.
;[1027..1039]:gene-protein:"beta-catenin"
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    (.:[1047..1048] .)))

;sentence 10 Span:1049..1152
;In this study, we examined nine patients  with HB using immunohistochemistry
;and direct DNA sequencing.
;[1096..1098]:malignancy:"HB"
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    (PP (IN:[1049..1051] In)
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;sentence 11 Span:1153..1223
;All nine cases  showed predominant nuclear expression of beta-catenin.
;[1210..1222]:gene-protein:"beta-catenin"
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    (.:[1222..1223] .)))

;sentence 12 Span:1224..1368
;Eight cases (89%) showed  mutations involving exon 3 of the beta-catenin
;gene, including five with  deletions and three with missense mutations.
;[1250..1259]:variation-event:"mutations"
;[1270..1276]:variation-location:"exon 3"
;[1284..1296]:gene-rna:"beta-catenin"
;[1324..1333]:variation-type:"deletions"
;[1349..1367]:variation-type:"missense mutations"
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;sentence 13 Span:1369..1432
;All five deletions were in-frame  deletions without frameshift.
;[1378..1387]:variation-type:"deletions"
;[1393..1431]:variation-type:"in-frame  deletions without frameshift"
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;sentence 14 Span:1433..1573
;The very high frequency of mutations in the  beta-catenin gene suggests that
;beta-catenin mutations are crucial in the  tumorigenesis of HB.
;[1478..1490]:gene-rna:"beta-catenin"
;[1510..1522]:gene-rna:"beta-catenin"
;[1570..1572]:malignancy:"HB"
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;section 15 Span:1577..1622
;PMID: 10754205 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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